Egg

Veganism and eggs

Exploring the world of veganism often brings up questions like 'Do vegans eat eggs?' and 'Can you eat eggs if you are vegan?'. To understand this, let's first dive into what veganism really means. Veganism, more than a dietary choice, is a lifestyle that seeks to avoid all forms of animal exploitation for food, clothing, or any other purpose. It promotes compassion towards animals, personal health, and environmental sustainability. This lifestyle choice leads us to the frequently asked question: 'Are eggs vegan?', a topic we will explore in depth.

Definition of eggs

Setting aside the vegan perspective for a moment, eggs are a central topic in discussions about vegan diets, raising questions like 'Are eggs considered vegan?' or 'Why don't vegans eat eggs?'. Eggs are an incredibly nutritious and versatile food, commonly consumed globally. Often featured as a breakfast staple alongside toast or bacon, eggs boast a rich profile of essential vitamins and nutrients, including high-quality protein, vitamins A, D, E, and B12, choline, and omega-3 fatty acids. Their culinary versatility is evident, with methods of preparation ranging from boiling and scrambling to poaching, frying, and baking. Egg variants like free-range, organic, and cage-free offer benefits in terms of animal welfare and environmental sustainability. Despite these advantages, egg consumption does raise health concerns, particularly regarding cholesterol intake, which begs the question, 'Can vegan diets include eggs?', especially considering the cholesterol content

Moreover, eggs have become a point of contention within the vegan community, as some wonder, 'Do some vegans eat eggs?', or 'What about vegetarians and eggs?'. Eggs, produced by chickens and other birds, are a staple in traditional cooking and baking and a source of essential nutrients. However, their high cholesterol content can pose risks to heart health when consumed excessively. This dichotomy between nutritional value and health risks is a key factor in why vegans might opt for egg substitutes, providing similar nutritional benefits without the health risks. This leads to exploring alternatives, addressing the queries 'What do vegans eat instead of eggs?' or 'Are vegan eggs healthy?'.

Consuming animal products in a vegan diet

A vegan diet typically excludes all animal products, including meat, dairy, and eggs. This aligns with the frequent queries 'does vegan include eggs?' or 'can you eat eggs when vegan?'. However, there are exceptions in the vegan community. Some individuals, often referred to as 'veggans' (vegans who eat eggs), choose to include certain animal products like eggs in their diet, usually from ethical sources such as free-range farms or backyard chickens. This variation sparks debate and questions such as 'are eggs vegan?', 'can vegan people eat eggs?', and 'do vegans eat dairy and eggs?'. The inclusion of animal products in a vegan diet, while not typical, depends on individual beliefs and values, balancing nutritional needs with ethical considerations.

‍

Eggs & veganism

Veganism, a lifestyle choice gaining popularity, typically involves a diet excluding all animal products, including meat, dairy, and eggs. This leads to confusion and questions like 'do vegans eat eggs?' or 'are eggs considered vegan?'. In this article, we aim to clarify these questions. The answer to 'so, are eggs vegan?' is generally no. Veganism's philosophy of avoiding animal exploitation and cruelty in all forms, including food, means that eggs, which involve the exploitation of hens, are not considered vegan. Vegans follow a plant-based diet that excludes meat, dairy, eggs, and even oysters for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. Thus, addressing the question 'do vegan eat eggs?', most vegans choose to exclude eggs from their diets.

So are eggs vegan?

No, eggs are not considered vegan. Veganism is a way of life that seeks to avoid animal exploitation and cruelty in all forms, including food, clothing, and personal care products. The production of eggs involves the exploitation of hens, who are often kept in small cages and subjected to harsh conditions. Eggs are classified as animal products and are therefore excluded from the vegan diet. Vegans follow a plant-based diet that excludes all animal products, including meat, dairy, and eggs (and oysters). This lifestyle choice is based on ethical, environmental, and health reasons. Therefore, vegans choose to exclude eggs from their diets.

Do vegans eat eggs?

In summary, the answer to 'do vegans eat eggs?' is no. The vegan diet is complex, encompassing more than just food choices. It's a lifestyle committed to ethical principles, which typically leads to avoiding eggs due to concerns about cruelty and inhumane practices in egg production. This aligns with the core values of veganism and answers the frequently asked question, 'can you eat eggs if vegan?'.

Why vegans don't eat eggs

The choice to adopt a vegan lifestyle often raises questions like 'why don't vegans eat eggs?' or 'why aren't eggs vegan?'. These queries are especially relevant in discussions about ethical, environmental, and health considerations of a vegan diet. Despite the benefits, the rationale behind not consuming certain animal products, particularly eggs, is frequently debated. Let's continue exploring various perspectives and addressing the core question: 'do vegans eat eggs?

Ethical reasons

One primary reason why vegans choose not to eat eggs relates to ethical concerns, answering the query 'why vegans don't eat eggs'. The egg industry, known for its inhumane treatment of chickens, especially in factory farms where most eggs are produced, is a significant ethical concern for vegans. A contentious issue within the industry is the culling of male chicks, who can't produce eggs and are therefore considered economically unviable. This practice, seen as cruel and unethical, raises the question 'can vegan eat eggs?' under any circumstances. Even eggs from backyard hens raise ethical dilemmas. Although these hens are often treated better than those in factory farms, they originate from the same industry responsible for culling male chicks. Hence, the stance 'vegans eat eggs' is typically rejected, unless vegans can ensure that the eggs come from sources adhering to the highest standards of animal welfare, such as eggs from rescued hens.

Environmental impact of eggs

The environmental impact of egg production is a compelling reason behind the question 'why vegans don't eat eggs?'. The egg industry contributes significantly to greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions, deforestation, and water pollution. These factors have severe consequences for the planet and are often cited in discussions about 'why eggs are bad for you vegan' and 'are eggs vegan friendly'. By adopting a vegan diet, individuals can notably reduce their environmental footprint, which aligns with the environmental values often associated with queries like 'does vegan mean no eggs?' and 'can you eat eggs on a vegan diet?'.

Health considerations of eggs

While eggs are recognized as a rich source of protein and certain vitamins, they also contain high levels of cholesterol. This has raised concerns regarding blood cholesterol levels and the associated health risks, particularly in discussions about 'are vegan eggs healthy?' and 'can vegans eat eggs?'. Elevated cholesterol is linked to an increased risk of heart disease and stroke, fueling the debate on 'vegan diet with eggs' and 'do vegans eat eggs and cheese?'. Furthermore, excessive egg consumption has been studied by health professionals and organizations like the National Health and Medical Research Council for its potential links to kidney disease and other health issues. Vegans, cognizant of these health risks, often adopt a flexi-vegan diet approach or seek out substitutes for eggs that offer similar nutritional benefits without the associated health risks. This dietary strategy helps address concerns like 'does vegan include eggs?' and 'can vegans have eggs?', ensuring that vegans can maintain a balanced and nutritious diet while being mindful of the impact of omnivores' dietary choices on health and the environment.

‍

What do vegans eat instead of eggs

Many people ask 'what do vegans eat instead of eggs?' when considering a plant-based diet. There are numerous plant-based alternatives to eggs that vegans can use in their cooking and baking, answering the query 'can vegans eat eggs?'. Popular options include tofu, chickpea flour, flaxseeds, and aquafaba (the liquid from a can of chickpeas). These alternatives cater to those who might wonder 'do vegans eat egg whites?' or 'are there vegan egg options?'. They can be used in various recipes, replicating traditional dishes like (plant-based) scrambled eggs, omelets, and even in baking cakes and cookies, offering solutions to 'vegan diet eggs' and 'vegan eat eggs' questions.

‍

Vegan egg alternatives

For those considering going vegan or already embracing a plant-based lifestyle, often pondering 'can you eat eggs if you're vegan?' or 'what are healthy vegan egg alternatives?', there are plenty of delicious and nutritious substitutes for eggs. Tofu, for instance, can be used to make scrambled 'eggs', answering the 'can vegans eat egg whites?' query, while chickpea flour is excellent for creating vegan omelets. This section also addresses concerns like 'are plant-based eggs healthy?' and 'do vegans eat egg?' by highlighting other plant-based protein sources such as beans, lentils, nuts, and seeds, offering a comprehensive view on the alternatives available to those following a vegan diet.

Nutritional alternatives

Vegans choose to avoid eggs, as addressed in 'why vegans don't eat eggs', not only for ethical, environmental, and health reasons but also because numerous plant-based alternatives provide similar nutritional benefits. Popular substitutes for eggs in cooking and baking, such as flaxseed, chia seeds, applesauce, mashed bananas, and silken tofu, cater to those wondering 'can vegans eat eggs?' or 'what do vegans eat instead of eggs?'. These alternatives offer protein, vitamins, and minerals without the cholesterol and saturated fats present in eggs.

Moreover, a well-planned vegan diet, answering queries like 'are vegan eggs healthy?', can provide essential nutrients such as iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. The only nutrient vegans need to be particularly mindful of is vitamin B12, found primarily in animal products. However, B12 can be supplemented through fortified plant-based foods or dietary supplements, ensuring optimal health and addressing the concern 'can vegans have eggs?'.

Plant-based replacements for eggs

For those committed to a vegan lifestyle and questioning 'can you eat eggs if you're vegan?', a myriad of plant-based options are available for use in the kitchen. Common ingredients like olive oil, ground flaxseed, and apple sauce offer excellent consistency and flavor for replicating the fluffy texture of egg-based dishes. Additionally, firm tofu, mung beans, and aquafaba provide an array of egg-free alternatives, satisfying those who ask 'do vegans eat eggs?'. For dairy-eating vegetarians and flexible vegans, these alternatives can serve as a bridge in transitioning diets.

Embracing veganism means exploring new flavors and textures, like the richness of plant-based milks and the heartiness of legumes in dishes such as beans on toast or baked beans. These alternatives not only maintain the nutritional benefits of traditional egg dishes but also cater to those who seek to reduce their intakes of eggs. For instance, incorporating lots of vegetables and form of legumes into tofu scrambles and flaxseed meal omelets can offer a delicious and ethical alternative to a couple of eggs, addressing questions like 'are eggs vegan friendly?' and 'can vegetarians eat eggs?'. Plant-based proteins like these are perfect for those who once relied on free-range hens but are now embracing a lifestyle mindful of animal welfare, even as they navigate common barriers to changing long-standing dietary habits.

Tofu as an egg replacement

Tofu is an ideal egg replacement for vegans, addressing the common question 'can vegans eat eggs?'. It allows vegans to enjoy similar flavors and textures of traditional egg dishes without compromising their dietary values. Tofu provides a complete source of protein, and its neutral flavor and creamy texture can easily mimic scrambled eggs, omelets, quiches, and frittatas. For those new to tofu, remember that consistency is key in replicating egg-based dishes. Achieving a texture similar to scrambled eggs is possible by crumbling tofu and sautéing it with spices, catering to those asking 'what do vegans eat instead of eggs?' or 'can you eat eggs if you're vegan?'. For vegan omelets or frittatas, combine cubed tofu with other vegan ingredients like mushrooms, bell peppers, and onions, offering a plant-based answer to 'do vegans eat eggs?'.

Egg substitutes in cooking

Cooking without eggs, a common concern in queries like 'are eggs vegan?', may seem daunting, but with the right substitutes, vegan chefs can create dishes that rival their traditional counterparts. Aquafaba, the liquid from canned chickpeas, is an excellent egg replacer in baking recipes. It provides structure and moisture, imparting subtle sweetness, making it a perfect answer to 'do vegans eat egg whites?'. Flaxseed meal, another great option for egg-free baking, can be mixed with water to form a gel-like consistency, acting as a binding agent in recipes. This is especially relevant for those considering 'vegan diet eggs' or 'are vegan eggs healthy?'. Flaxseed meal, a source of omega-3 fatty acids, adds a nutty flavor, ideal for cookies, muffins, and other treats, addressing the query 'can vegans have eggs?' in the realm of baking.

‍

The vegan food revolution 

The vegan food revolution, often associated with queries like 'are eggs vegan?' and 'can you eat eggs on a vegan diet?', is taking the world by storm. More people are recognizing the health and environmental benefits of plant-based diets, spurred by increased awareness of animal welfare issues and sustainability. This movement, addressing concerns such as 'why don't vegans eat eggs?' and 'are vegan eggs healthy?', has grown significantly over the past few years. Vegan foods, offering compassionate and environmentally friendly alternatives, have expanded to include vegan alternatives to eggs. This means vegans can now enjoy all the flavors and textures of traditional egg dishes, such as tofu scrambles and aquafaba-based baking recipes, without compromising their dietary values, answering the question 'do vegans eat eggs?' with innovative culinary solutions.

Vegan education and advocacy

Education and advocacy are pivotal in shaping public opinion on questions like 'why aren't eggs vegan?' and 'do vegans eat dairy and eggs?'. These efforts aim to encourage more people to adopt a vegan lifestyle by raising awareness of the ethical, environmental, and health issues associated with egg consumption. Organizations and individuals promoting veganism often provide resources that address common questions like 'can vegans eat eggs?' and 'what do vegans eat instead of eggs?'. These resources, including informative websites, documentaries, and social media campaigns, debunk misconceptions and offer practical advice for transitioning to a vegan diet. They feature stories of individuals embracing plant-based diets, showcasing the benefits of veganism and providing support to those considering 'can you eat eggs if you're vegan?' or exploring plant-based alternatives.

Are eggs healthy

Eggs are a good source of protein, vitamins, and minerals, but they are also high in cholesterol. Consuming high amounts of cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease, so it is important to consume eggs in moderation. Additionally, the production of eggs can have negative environmental and ethical impacts.

How are eggs produced

One of the main reasons vegans avoid eggs, considered as animal foods and animal byproducts, is due to the way they are produced, which raises significant animal welfare concerns. The egg industry, alongside the dairy foods sector, is known for its cruel treatment of animals, including female birds and non-human animals. This exploitation of animals in modern farming practices involves keeping female chickens, often in cramped conditions, and the routine culling of male chicks, viewed as an unwanted byproduct of the egg-producing industry.

‍

Free range eggs aren't cruelty free

Even eggs labeled as 'free-range' or 'cage-free' often do not meet humane sources standards or align with vegan principles regarding the nature of eggs and concern for animal welfare. Despite being marketed as ethical, these backyard eggs may still contribute to forms of exploitation and harm to animals, including the unnecessary human intervention in the lives of oviparous animals. The production of these animal-derived products, including eggs from female animals, is also linked to significant environmental reasons such as water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, challenging the notion that backyard eggs are ethical or that any form of egg production can be free from animal ethics concerns.

Eggs are high in cholesterol

From a health perspective, eggs are high in cholesterol, which can increase the risk of heart disease. While they are also a good source of protein and other nutrients, there are plenty of plant-based foods that can provide these same nutrients in a healthier way.

Veggans & ovo-vegetatians

That being said, there are some vegan friends who choose to eat eggs. These individuals are sometimes referred to as "veggans" or "ovo-vegetarians." They exclude all animal products except for eggs, which they consume in moderation. These people will usually also only eat either free range, ethically sourced or naturally laid backyard eggs.

Vegan egg alternatives

For those who are considering going vegan or are already living a plant-based lifestyle, there are plenty of delicious and healthy alternatives to eggs. For example, tofu can be used to make scrambled "eggs," and chickpea flour can be used to make vegan omelets. There are also plenty of plant-based sources of protein, including beans, lentils, nuts, and seeds.

Vegans may need to supplement b12

In terms of nutrition, a vegan diet can be very well-balanced and provide all of the essential vitamins and minerals that your body needs. However, it is important to make sure that you are getting enough of certain nutrients that are typically found in animal products, such as vitamin B12.

Do vegetarians eat eggs?

Vegetarians don't eat animals, including fish, poultry, and chicken. Some vegetarians also skip eating eggs and dairy products, while others consume them. There are different types of vegetarians, including lacto-ovo vegetarians who eat eggs and dairy products, and vegans who don't consume any animal products at all. If you are new to a vegetarian diet, it may take some time to adjust to the new way of eating. But with the right knowledge and guidance, it can be a great way to improve your health and feel your best.

Health benefits of a plant-based egg-free diet

Eating a plant-based diet can also help to support a healthy weight and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Many people also choose to follow a vegetarian diet for ethical reasons, as they believe in animal rights and don't want to contribute to the harm of animals.

Lots of egg free recipes online

If you are looking for more information or support on a vegan diet, there are many resources available. You can search online for vegan recipes and nutrition tips, or contact a nutritionist who specialises in plant-based diets.

Balance is key to any diet

It's important to note that just because someone is vegetarian or vegan it doesn't mean they automatically have a healthy diet. It's still possible to consume too much processed food and not enough vegetables and other whole foods, so it's important to pay attention to the content of your meals and make sure you are getting a variety of nutrients.

What is a vegan who eats eggs called?

The veggan diet - a variation of the vegan diet that permits the consumption of backyard eggs - has been criticized for potentially compromising the health benefits of a strictly plant-based diet. Proponents of the vegan lifestyle argue that individuals who adhere to the veggan diet are more likely to consume other animal products, such as eat meat and eat fish, thereby undermining the health advantages of a vegan diet.

Plenty of delicious vegan options available

In 2023, there has been a lot of news and discussion about plant-based eating and the benefits it can provide. Many people are starting to realise that a vegan diet doesn't have to be restrictive or boring, and that there are plenty of delicious and satisfying options available.

For example, you can find a wide range of vegan cheese to enjoy in a sourdough toastie, honey substitutes, and other foods free-from animal products in most supermarkets these days. And with the help of social media and online communities, it's easy to find and share new and exciting vegan recipes.

Eggs are not considered vegan

While eggs are a common food product, they are not considered vegan, and vegans choose to avoid them. There are now many plant-based alternatives that can be used in their place. Ultimately, the decision to consume eggs or not is a personal one, but it is important to be informed about the facts and make choices that align with your values and beliefs.

Trying out a vegan diet

The choice to abstain from consuming eggs, as explored in queries like 'can you eat eggs if you're vegan?' and 'why don't vegans eat eggs?', also has a significant social component. Many vegans feel a sense of camaraderie with others who have made the same decision, perceiving themselves as part of a broader, supportive vegan community. This solidarity is reflected in the support networks and resources available to those considering a vegan lifestyle, answering common questions such as 'are eggs vegan?' and 'do vegans eat dairy and eggs?'. If you are interested in trying out a vegan diet, remember that it's more than just a question of 'can vegans eat eggs?'. It's a journey towards improved health, ethical food choices, and animal rights advocacy. With the right information and support, transitioning to a plant-based lifestyle can be fulfilling and beneficial for both personal health and environmental sustainability. Who knows, embracing a vegan diet might just be the best decision you make for yourself and the planet, joining the ranks of those who ask 'what do vegans eat instead of eggs?' and discover a world of delicious, ethical alternatives.

History of veganism and egg consumption

Veganism is a lifestyle that has gained popularity over the years due to its numerous benefits. It is a plant-based diet that strictly avoids animal products, including dairy, meat, and eggs. Still, there is nevertheless some confusion about whether vegans eat eggs or not. Lets take a look at the history of veganism and egg consumption to provide a better understanding of this topic.

Ancient civilizations and egg-eating practices

Eggs have been a part of human diets for thousands of years. Ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans utilized eggs in their diets and cultural traditions. In ancient times, eggs were considered a symbol of fertility and new beginnings, making them an important part of religious ceremonies. For example, during the Jewish holiday of Passover, hard-boiled eggs are placed on the Seder plate to represent the start of a new year. Additionally, ancient Greeks used eggs in their athletic training, consuming them raw to build strength. These practices teach us about the symbolic and nutritional value that eggs held in ancient cultures, and continue to hold in many cultures today.

Middle ages to present day egg consumption and its relationship to the vegan movement

Egg consumption has had a significant historical significance - from hobby farming in the Middle Ages to present-day mass production, it has evolved into a staple item in the Western diet. However, concerns over animal welfare and health have led to a rise in plant-based diets and a surge in the vegan movement. The practice of egg consumption has undergone many changes and has had a considerable impact on the vegan movement. The rise in mass-produced eggs in the 20th century created concerns over animal cruelty and environmental impact. This, coupled with a growing concern over the health risks of consuming animal products, especially cardiovascular disease due to high cholesterol levels in egg yolks, led to a surge in plant-based diets, including veganism. Several influential figures and organizations such as PETA and the Animal Welfare Institute have played a huge role in shaping the vegan movement's stance on egg consumption and its impact on the environment and animal welfare.

Nutritional aspects of eating eggs

Eating eggs, a common practice worldwide, is often chosen for their taste, versatility, and source of nutrition. However, debates about the dietary cholesterol in eggs and their health implications persist. This article discusses the nutritional content of eggs and explores their role in a balanced diet, including for those following a well-balanced vegan diet who opt for plant-based egg alternatives. We will also consider the environmental impact of egg production.

Benefits of eating eggs

Eggs, are considered a nutritious addition to a non-vegan diet and a key vegetarian food source, are packed with health benefits. They are a fantastic source of high-quality protein, with significant grams of protein per egg, containing all essential amino acids. The extra nutrients in eggs, including vitamin B12 and choline, support brain health and cognitive function. Their satiating effect makes them beneficial for weight management. Regular consumption of eggs can also protect the eyes from degenerative diseases and lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, showcasing their rich source of vitamin D and other essential nutrients.

Protein content in eggs

For those including them in their diet, eggs are an excellent source of complete protein, providing about 8g of protein per egg. This high-protein content is beneficial for weight loss, satiety, and essential bodily functions. Including eggs in your diet can contribute to a well-balanced intake of essential amino acids, vital for various bodily functions.

‍

Cholesterol, fat, and sodium content in eggs

While eggs are known for their high protein content, they also contain dietary cholesterol, fat, and sodium. One large egg has approximately 186mg of cholesterol, contributing to health debates, especially concerning vegan and vegetarian food sources. Despite these concerns, eggs can still offer important nutrients like protein and minerals. Alternatives like free-range eggs or plant-based egg alternatives can provide similar nutritional benefits with lower cholesterol and fat, aligning better with a well-balanced vegan diet.

Vitamin and mineral content in eggs

Eggs are a nutritional powerhouse, offering an array of vitamins and minerals. A single large egg contains essential vitamins like B2, B5, B6, B12, D, and E, along with choline, contributing to brain development and metabolic function. In addition to being a great source of protein with all nine essential amino acids, eggs also contain minerals such as zinc, iron, and selenium, crucial for immune function, hormone health, and wound repair. While egg yolks add to cholesterol and fat intake, they are an important source of these nutrients, essential for overall health.

The debate over eating eggs on a vegan diet

Vegans typically avoid consuming animal products, including animal flesh (meat), dairy, and eggs. Those in favor of consuming eggs argue that they are a good source of nutrients, including animal proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Others argue that eating eggs contradicts the principles of veganism, such as eating animals for food, and can contribute to animal cruelty and environmental issues. Looking at both sides of the debate provides some alternative options for those looking to replace eggs in their plant-based diet.

Arguments for not eating eggs on a vegan diet

Many vegans choose not to eat eggs for several reasons, including animal welfare reasons and health concerns. Eggs from hens contain high levels of cholesterol and saturated fat, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Additionally, there is a risk of food poisoning from contaminated eggs. The egg industry is also known for its negative impact on animal welfare and the environment, with the use of antibiotics in egg-laying hens and the disposal of male baby chicks by sending them to premature death in a macerator. For these reasons, many vegans prefer to source their protein from plant-based sources, such as silken tofu or flax eggs, as vegan egg replacements. These alternative plant protein sources can also be arguably healthier than eggs from chickens.

Arguments for eating eggs on a vegan diet

"True vegans" often avoid animal products, including eggs, due to ethical concerns regarding animal welfare. However, some ‘veggans’ may choose to consume “cruelty-free” eggs from backyard chickens or free-range farms. Including eggs in a vegan diet can contribute to a well-balanced diet, as eggs are a nutrient-dense food that contain high levels of protein, vitamins, and minerals necessary for good health. Furthermore, backyard chicken farming and free-range farms can reduce the environmental impact of egg production. Nevertheless, ethical concerns and personal beliefs may prompt some vegans to explore alternatives such as flax eggs and silken tofu, which are effective substitutes for traditional egg consumption.

Should you eat eggs

The decision not to consume eggs is based on a variety of factors, ranging from ethical concerns surrounding animal welfare to the environmental and health implications of egg production. While some individuals may argue that consuming eggs from ethically sourced backyard hens is acceptable, the majority of strict vegans maintain that complete abstinence from animal products is the most consistent and effective means of promoting animal welfare, environmental sustainability, and personal health.